Worldwide Alternative Fuels

Papua New Guinea - Powered by Coconut

On Bougainville Island, German emigrant engineer Mathias Horn and his wife Carol operate a factory pressing coconut oil from coconut husks.

In tropical Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, straight coconut oil is now used instead of diesel for running cars, trucks and generators. “It costs 1/3rd less then diesel and my car runs smoothly on coconut oil.” said a local priest speaking to ABC Television’s Foreign Correspondence Program.

“There are lots of coconuts available and coconut oil production is creating jobs in the local economy” said Mathias Horn. “Even the local police vehicles use it."” Mr Horn said.

“Bougainville people enjoy the pure sweet aroma of coconuts and it doesn’t destroy the ozone layer.” he told ABC Reporter Steve Marshall.

“The only problem is that the coconut oil solidifies below 25 degrees centigrade and you have to mix it with diesel at high altitudes.” he said.

Brazil - Ethanol Drives 40% of Brazil’s Transport.

Ethanol is produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops such as sugar, corn, barley and wheat. It is usually blended in the ratio 10%-20% ethanol to 80%-90% petrol or gasoline as a motor vehicle fuel.

Using ethanol blended fuel, car drivers can expect about 15% less fuel economy relative to petrol.

However, the benefits are lower CO and CO2 emissions and lower evaporative emissions than petrol and a higher octane rating suitable for high octane engines.

A major benefit of ethanol blended fuel is that it saves mineral oil consumption.

However, there is a limit to the extent food crops can be turned into ethanol and audits of agricultural capacity for ethanol production are needed in the overall equation worldwide.

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Canada - Biodiesel Popular as a Boiler Fuel For Heating People's Houses

Biodiesel is made from crops such as soy beans, mustard seed and palm oil and from animal waste and vegetable oils and greases.

When biodiesel is blended with diesel fuel derived from mineral oil sources, vehicle emissions can be significantly reduced.

The US National Biodiesel Board estimates that a B20 diesel blend can reduce un-burned hydrocarbon automotive emissions by 20%, carbon dioxide emissions by 12% and particulate matter emissions by 12%.

Engine performance using blended biodiesel is similar to when using straight diesel fuel whilst engine lubricity is improved.

However, deforestation in Malaysia and Indonesia for palm oil bio-diesel production is a major issue to be managed.

Strict limits now need to be placed on further rain forest and biological destruction experts say.

Clearing rain forests around the world for crop production or alternative fuel production is the wrong way to go UN experts say.

Rather than diverting good agricultural land away from staple food production crops to grow more profitable fuel production crops, marginal land alongside roads and railway tracks, could easily be utilised to produce oil rich palms and nuts for bio-diesel production some analysts say.

Australia - Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Widely Used As a Clean Cooking
Gas


Australia is a major exporter to China, Japan and South Korea.

Liquefied Natural Gas is mainly used in buses and heavy road transport vehicles and has lower emissions than bi-fuel vehicles.

Advantages with LNG are lower harmful nitrous oxides and lower particulate emissions and less carcinogenic and toxic pollutants.

This means lower greenhouse gases are emitted when using LNG fuel.

USA - Electric Powered Vehicles - A New Breed is Coming


Electric trains, trams and trolley buses are commonplace around the world.

Low polluting plug-in electric battery powered road vehicles have been around for a long time.

However, a new breed of plug in hybrid lithium-ion battery electric vehicles are soon expected to become a standard option in the US automotive industry.

Japan & USA - Hybrid Cars - 20% of Japanese Cars Are Now Hybrids

Petroleum electric vehicles are produced in Japan and USA.

Improved fuel efficiency cars, trucks and other combustion engines clearly use less fuel and produce less pollutants than their equivalent conventional models.

A hybrid vehicle has two energy sources, a normal engine system and an electric/motor/generator/battery system.

Both systems combine together for improved efficiency and lower fuel consumption.
Hybrid cars include Toyota’s ‘Prius’ and ‘Camry Hybrid’, Ford’s ‘Escape Hybrid’ and Honda’s ‘Insight’.

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United Kingdom - Scrubbing Ship Exhausts

Compared to road and air, sea transport is an energy efficient means of moving huge volumes of freight.

Low grade, heavy, poor quality oil powers much of the world’s deep sea shipping fleets. Poor fuel burnt in marine diesel engines exhausts a cocktail of nasty emissions into the atmosphere including particulate matter, carbon oxides and volatile organic compounds.

Experts estimate that seagoing ships exhausts now emit up to 20% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.

New European Union legislation will require strict emission monitoring standards for ships in Port from 2010. How to comply has posed new challenges for ship operators. Necessity is the mother of invention and the good old Lloyds Register of Shipping has come up with a model for the accurate measurement of ship exhausts.

The Kystallon Company of Littlehampton, England then produced a ship’s exhaust scrubber which it claims removes up to 95% of the nasties from ship exhausts after trials on the P&O Cross Channel Ferry “Pride of Kent”.



East or West – Scrubbing Ships Exhausts is the Best.

Professor Dr Nishida of Japan’s Kobe University speaking at a lecture in London described a solution being developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan. “The solution included a fuel water injection system for ships diesel engines and sea water electrolysis and scrubber units.” said Dr. Nishida.

“A new generation of ocean going ships now on the drawing boards will burn a variety of heavy residual fuels with zero or next to zero emissions.” said Thomas Knudsen, Vice President of the MAN Diesel Company writing in the Marine Engineers Review.